diff --git a/include/zdwm/action.h b/include/zdwm/action.h
index 6ee1438..692a57f 100644
--- a/include/zdwm/action.h
+++ b/include/zdwm/action.h
@@ -8,50 +8,65 @@
 extern "C" {
 #endif
 
-typedef union zdwm_action_arg_t {
-  bool b;
-  int32_t i;
-  uint32_t ui;
-  const char *str;
-  const void *ptr;
-} zdwm_action_arg_t;
+typedef enum zdwm_action_type_t {
+  ZDWM_ACTION_SPAWN,
+  ZDWM_ACTION_QUIT,
+  ZDWM_ACTION_RAISE_OR_RUN,
 
-typedef struct zdwm_runtime_t zdwm_runtime_t;
+  ZDWM_ACTION_OUTPUT_CYCLE,
+  ZDWM_ACTION_WORKSPACE_SWITCH_SAME_OUTPUT_BY_INDEX,
+  ZDWM_ACTION_LAYOUT_CYCLE,
+  ZDWM_ACTION_BINDING_MODE_CYCLE,
 
-typedef struct zdwm_action_api_t {
-  void (*spawn)(const char *command);
-  void (*quit)(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime, bool restart);
-  void (*raise_or_run)(
-    zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-    const char *class_name,
-    const char *command
-  );
-  void (*toggle_fullscreen)(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime);
-  void (*toggle_maximize)(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime);
-  void (*toggle_floating)(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime);
-  void (*toggle_sticky)(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime);
-  void (*switch_workspace)(
-    zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-    zdwm_workspace_id_t workspace_id
-  );
-  void (*switch_workspace_in_current_output)(
-    zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-    zdwm_workspace_id_t workspace_id
-  );
-  void (*switch_workspace_by_index_in_current_output)(
-    zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-    uint32_t index
-  );
-  void (*cycle_layout)(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime, int32_t delta);
-  void (*cycle_current_output)(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime, int32_t delta);
-  void (*focus_window)(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime, int32_t delta);
-} zdwm_action_api_t;
+  ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_TOGGLE_FULLSCREEN,
+  ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_TOGGLE_MAXIMIZE,
+  ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_TOGGLE_MINIMIZE,
+  ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_TOGGLE_FLOATING,
+  ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_TOGGLE_STICKY,
 
-typedef void zdwm_action_fn(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-  const zdwm_action_api_t *ctx,
-  const zdwm_action_arg_t *arg
-);
+  ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_FOCUS_CYCLE,
+  ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_KILL,
+
+  ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_SEND_TO_WORKSPACE_SAME_OUTPUT_BY_INDEX,
+  ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_CYCLE_OUTPUT,
+} zdwm_action_type_t;
+
+typedef struct zdwm_action_data_spawn_t {
+  const char *command;
+} zdwm_action_data_spawn_t;
+
+typedef struct zdwm_action_data_quit_t {
+  bool restart;
+} zdwm_action_data_quit_t;
+
+typedef struct zdwm_action_data_raise_or_run_t {
+  const char *class_name;
+  const char *command;
+} zdwm_action_data_raise_or_run_t;
+
+typedef struct zdwm_action_data_delta_only_t {
+  int32_t delta;
+} zdwm_action_data_delta_only_t;
+
+typedef struct zdwm_action_data_index_only_t {
+  uint32_t index;
+} zdwm_action_data_index_only_t;
+
+typedef struct zdwm_action_t {
+  zdwm_action_type_t type;
+  union {
+    zdwm_action_data_spawn_t spawn;
+    zdwm_action_data_quit_t quit;
+    zdwm_action_data_raise_or_run_t raise_or_run;
+    zdwm_action_data_delta_only_t output_cycle;
+    zdwm_action_data_index_only_t workspace_switch_same_output_by_index;
+    zdwm_action_data_delta_only_t layout_cycle;
+    zdwm_action_data_delta_only_t binding_mode_cycle;
+    zdwm_action_data_delta_only_t window_focus_cycle;
+    zdwm_action_data_index_only_t window_send_to_workspace_same_output_by_index;
+    zdwm_action_data_delta_only_t window_cycle_output;
+  } as;
+} zdwm_action_t;
 
 #if defined(__cplusplus)
 }
diff --git a/include/zdwm/config.h b/include/zdwm/config.h
index 075ec64..d6e49e2 100644
--- a/include/zdwm/config.h
+++ b/include/zdwm/config.h
@@ -112,8 +112,7 @@ typedef struct zdwm_api_t {
     zdwm_config_builder_t *builder,
     zdwm_binding_mode_id_t bind_mode,
     const char *key_sequence,
-    zdwm_action_fn action_fn,
-    zdwm_action_arg_t action_arg
+    zdwm_action_t action
   );
 
   /**
diff --git a/src/config/defaults.c b/src/config/defaults.c
index 16f510d..4274f82 100644
--- a/src/config/defaults.c
+++ b/src/config/defaults.c
@@ -13,80 +13,12 @@
 static constexpr char launcher[] =
   "rofi -show combi -modes combi -combi-modes window,drun,run,ssh,windowcd";
 
-typedef struct raise_or_run_arg_t {
-  const char *class_name;
-  const char *command;
-} raise_or_run_arg_t;
+typedef struct zdwm_action_data_raise_or_run_t raise_or_run_data_t;
 
-static raise_or_run_arg_t terminal = {"XTerm", "xterm"};
-static raise_or_run_arg_t editor   = {"Emacs", "emacsclient -a '' -r -n"};
-static raise_or_run_arg_t browser  = {"firefox", "firefox-bin"};
-static raise_or_run_arg_t chrome   = {"Google-chrome", "google-chrome-stable"};
-
-static void spawn(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-  const zdwm_action_api_t *api,
-  const zdwm_action_arg_t *arg
-) {
-  api->spawn(arg->str);
-}
-
-static void quit(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-  const zdwm_action_api_t *api,
-  const zdwm_action_arg_t *arg
-) {
-  api->quit(runtime, arg->b);
-}
-
-static void raise_or_run(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-  const zdwm_action_api_t *api,
-  const zdwm_action_arg_t *arg
-) {
-  auto args = (raise_or_run_arg_t *)arg->ptr;
-  api->raise_or_run(runtime, args->class_name, args->command);
-}
-
-static void toggle_fullscreen(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-  const zdwm_action_api_t *api,
-  const zdwm_action_arg_t *arg
-) {
-  api->toggle_fullscreen(runtime);
-}
-
-static void toggle_maximize(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-  const zdwm_action_api_t *api,
-  const zdwm_action_arg_t *arg
-) {
-  api->toggle_maximize(runtime);
-}
-
-static void toggle_floating(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-  const zdwm_action_api_t *api,
-  const zdwm_action_arg_t *arg
-) {
-  api->toggle_floating(runtime);
-}
-
-static void switch_workspace(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-  const zdwm_action_api_t *api,
-  const zdwm_action_arg_t *arg
-) {
-  api->switch_workspace_by_index_in_current_output(runtime, arg->ui);
-}
-
-static void focus_window(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-  const zdwm_action_api_t *api,
-  const zdwm_action_arg_t *arg
-) {
-  api->focus_window(runtime, arg->i);
-}
+static raise_or_run_data_t terminal = {"XTerm", "xterm"};
+static raise_or_run_data_t editor   = {"Emacs", "emacsclient -a '' -r -n"};
+static raise_or_run_data_t browser  = {"firefox", "firefox-bin"};
+static raise_or_run_data_t chrome   = {"Google-chrome", "google-chrome-stable"};
 
 bool config_defaults_build(
   const zdwm_api_t *api,
@@ -156,32 +88,63 @@ bool config_defaults_build(
 
   auto default_mode = api->add_mode(builder, "default");
 
-#define Alt   "Mod1"
-#define Super "Mod4"
-#define BIND(MODE, KEY, FN, ARG) \
-  api->bind(builder, MODE, KEY, FN, (zdwm_action_arg_t)ARG)
+#define Alt_Key   "Mod1"
+#define Super_key "Mod4"
+#define Alt(K)    Alt_Key "+" K
+#define Super(K)  Super_key "+" K
 
-  BIND(default_mode, Super "+r", spawn, {.str = launcher});
-  BIND(default_mode, Super "+Shift+q", quit, {.b = false});
-  BIND(default_mode, Super "+Control+r", quit, {.b = true});
+#define BIND(MODE, KEY, ...) \
+  api->bind(builder, MODE, KEY, (zdwm_action_t)__VA_ARGS__)
+#define SPAWN(MODE, KEY, COMMAND) \
+  BIND(MODE, KEY, {.type = ZDWM_ACTION_SPAWN, .as.spawn.command = (COMMAND)})
+#define QUIT(MODE, KEY, RESTART) \
+  BIND(MODE, KEY, {.type = ZDWM_ACTION_QUIT, .as.quit.restart = (RESTART)})
+#define RAISE_OR_RUN(MODE, KEY, ...)                                   \
+  BIND(                                                                \
+    MODE,                                                              \
+    KEY,                                                               \
+    {                                                                  \
+      .type            = ZDWM_ACTION_RAISE_OR_RUN,                     \
+      .as.raise_or_run = (zdwm_action_data_raise_or_run_t)__VA_ARGS__, \
+    }                                                                  \
+  )
+#define BIND_DEFAULT(KEY, ...) BIND(default_mode, KEY, __VA_ARGS__)
 
-  BIND(default_mode, Super "+Return", spawn, {.str = terminal.command});
-  BIND(default_mode, Alt "+Control+r", raise_or_run, {.ptr = &terminal});
-  BIND(default_mode, Super "+e", raise_or_run, {.ptr = &editor});
-  BIND(default_mode, Super "+q", raise_or_run, {.ptr = &browser});
-  BIND(default_mode, Super "+a", raise_or_run, {.ptr = &chrome});
-  BIND(default_mode, Super "+f", toggle_fullscreen, {0});
-  BIND(default_mode, Super "+m", toggle_maximize, {0});
-  BIND(default_mode, Super "+Control+space", toggle_floating, {0});
-  BIND(default_mode, Alt "+j", focus_window, {.i = 1});
-  BIND(default_mode, Alt "+k", focus_window, {.i = -1});
+  SPAWN(default_mode, Super("r"), launcher);
+  QUIT(default_mode, Super("Shift+q"), false);
+  QUIT(default_mode, Super("Control+r"), true);
+
+  SPAWN(default_mode, Super("Return"), terminal.command);
+  RAISE_OR_RUN(default_mode, Alt("Control+r"), terminal);
+  RAISE_OR_RUN(default_mode, Super("e"), editor);
+  RAISE_OR_RUN(default_mode, Super("q"), browser);
+  RAISE_OR_RUN(default_mode, Super("a"), chrome);
+  BIND_DEFAULT(Super("f"), {.type = ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_TOGGLE_FLOATING});
+  BIND_DEFAULT(Super("m"), {.type = ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_TOGGLE_MAXIMIZE});
+  BIND_DEFAULT(
+    Super("Control+space"),
+    {.type = ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_TOGGLE_FLOATING}
+  );
+  BIND_DEFAULT(
+    Alt("j"),
+    {.type = ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_FOCUS_CYCLE, .as.window_focus_cycle.delta = 1}
+  );
+  BIND_DEFAULT(
+    Alt("k"),
+    {.type = ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_FOCUS_CYCLE, .as.window_focus_cycle.delta = -1}
+  );
 
   char buffer[64] = {0};
   for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 9; ++i) {
-    snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%s+%d", Super, i + 1);
-    BIND(default_mode, buffer, switch_workspace, {.ui = i});
+    snprintf(buffer, sizeof(buffer), "%s+%d", Super_key, i + 1);
+    zdwm_action_t action = {
+      .type = ZDWM_ACTION_WINDOW_SEND_TO_WORKSPACE_SAME_OUTPUT_BY_INDEX,
+      .as.workspace_switch_same_output_by_index.index = i,
+    };
+    BIND_DEFAULT(buffer, action);
   }
 
+#undef BIND_DEFAULT
 #undef BIND
 
   api->set_default_mode(builder, default_mode);
diff --git a/src/config/runtime_config.c b/src/config/runtime_config.c
index 0b6c391..c89fe75 100644
--- a/src/config/runtime_config.c
+++ b/src/config/runtime_config.c
@@ -167,10 +167,9 @@ static bool runtime_config_bind(
   zdwm_config_builder_t *builder,
   zdwm_binding_mode_id_t mode,
   const char *key,
-  zdwm_action_fn fn,
-  zdwm_action_arg_t arg
+  zdwm_action_t action
 ) {
-  return binding_table_add_bind(builder->binding_table, mode, key, fn, arg);
+  return binding_table_add_bind(builder->binding_table, mode, key, action);
 }
 
 static bool runtime_config_set_default_mode(
diff --git a/src/core/action.h b/src/core/action.h
index c80fef0..ffda191 100644
--- a/src/core/action.h
+++ b/src/core/action.h
@@ -3,30 +3,29 @@
 #include <stdint.h>
 #include <zdwm/action.h>
 
+typedef struct runtime_t runtime_t;
+
 void spawn(const char *command);
-void quit(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime, bool restart);
+void quit(runtime_t *runtime, bool restart);
 void raise_or_run(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
+  runtime_t *runtime,
   const char *class_name,
   const char *command
 );
 
-void toggle_fullscreen(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime);
-void toggle_maximize(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime);
-void toggle_floating(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime);
-void toggle_sticky(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime);
-void switch_workspace(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
-  zdwm_workspace_id_t workspace_id
-);
+void toggle_fullscreen(runtime_t *runtime);
+void toggle_maximize(runtime_t *runtime);
+void toggle_floating(runtime_t *runtime);
+void toggle_sticky(runtime_t *runtime);
+void switch_workspace(runtime_t *runtime, zdwm_workspace_id_t workspace_id);
 void switch_workspace_in_current_output(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
+  runtime_t *runtime,
   zdwm_workspace_id_t workspace_id
 );
 void switch_workspace_by_index_in_current_output(
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime,
+  runtime_t *runtime,
   uint32_t index
 );
-void cycle_layout(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime, int32_t delta);
-void cycle_current_output(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime, int32_t delta);
-void focus_window(zdwm_runtime_t *runtime, int32_t delta);
+void cycle_layout(runtime_t *runtime, int32_t delta);
+void cycle_current_output(runtime_t *runtime, int32_t delta);
+void focus_window(runtime_t *runtime, int32_t delta);
diff --git a/src/core/binding.c b/src/core/binding.c
index 96b4c6c..d5a5b58 100644
--- a/src/core/binding.c
+++ b/src/core/binding.c
@@ -43,8 +43,7 @@ binding_table_add_mode(binding_table_t *table, const char *mode_name) {
   }
 
   zdwm_binding_mode_id_t id = (zdwm_binding_mode_id_t)table->count;
-  binding_mode_t *new_mode =
-    array_push(table->modes, table->count, table->capacity);
+  auto new_mode  = array_push(table->modes, table->count, table->capacity);
   new_mode->name = mode_name;
   new_mode->id   = id;
 
@@ -166,8 +165,7 @@ bool binding_table_add_bind(
   binding_table_t *table,
   zdwm_binding_mode_id_t mode_id,
   const char *key_sequence,
-  zdwm_action_fn fn,
-  zdwm_action_arg_t arg
+  zdwm_action_t action
 ) {
   binding_mode_t *mode = binding_table_get_mode(table, mode_id);
   if (!mode) return false;
@@ -176,12 +174,11 @@ bool binding_table_add_bind(
   xkb_keysym_t keysym       = XKB_KEY_NoSymbol;
   if (!parse_key_sequence(key_sequence, &modifiers, &keysym)) return false;
 
-  key_binding_t *item = array_push(mode->items, mode->count, mode->capacity);
-  item->key_str       = key_sequence;
-  item->modifiers     = modifiers;
-  item->keysym        = keysym;
-  item->fn            = fn;
-  item->arg           = arg;
+  auto item       = array_push(mode->items, mode->count, mode->capacity);
+  item->key_str   = key_sequence;
+  item->modifiers = modifiers;
+  item->keysym    = keysym;
+  item->action    = action;
 
   return true;
 }
diff --git a/src/core/binding.h b/src/core/binding.h
index dfa4271..1c8272f 100644
--- a/src/core/binding.h
+++ b/src/core/binding.h
@@ -12,8 +12,7 @@ typedef struct key_binding_t {
   const char *key_str;
   modifier_mask_t modifiers;
   keysym_t keysym;
-  zdwm_action_fn *fn;
-  zdwm_action_arg_t arg;
+  zdwm_action_t action;
 } key_binding_t;
 
 /**
@@ -37,8 +36,7 @@ binding_table_add_mode(binding_table_t *table, const char *mode_name);
  * @param table         按键绑定表
  * @param mode_id       模式 ID
  * @param key_sequence  按键序列的字符串表达
- * @param fn            用户行为函数
- * @param arg           用户行为函数所需的参数
+ * @param action        用户行为描述
  *
  * @return 添加成功返回 true 否则返回 false
  */
@@ -46,8 +44,7 @@ bool binding_table_add_bind(
   binding_table_t *table,
   zdwm_binding_mode_id_t mode_id,
   const char *key_sequence,
-  zdwm_action_fn fn,
-  zdwm_action_arg_t arg
+  zdwm_action_t action
 );
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/core/policy.c b/src/core/policy.c
index 336e43c..b05476a 100644
--- a/src/core/policy.c
+++ b/src/core/policy.c
@@ -18,8 +18,17 @@
 #include "core/window.h"
 #include "core/wm_desc.h"
 
-static void
-route_key_press(const policy_context_t *ctx, const key_press_event_t *e) {
+static void policy_resolve_action(
+  const state_t *state,
+  const zdwm_action_t *action,
+  command_buffer_t *out
+) {}
+
+static void route_key_press(
+  const policy_context_t *ctx,
+  const key_press_event_t *e,
+  command_buffer_t *out
+) {
   auto binding_table = ctx->bind_table;
 
   size_t count  = 0;
@@ -29,7 +38,8 @@ route_key_press(const policy_context_t *ctx, const key_press_event_t *e) {
   for (size_t i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
     auto binding = &bindings[i];
     if (binding->modifiers == e->modifiers && binding->keysym == e->keysym) {
-      binding->fn(ctx->runtime, &ctx->action_api, &binding->arg);
+      policy_resolve_action(ctx->state, &binding->action, out);
+      /* binding->fn(ctx->runtime, &ctx->action_api, &binding->arg); */
     }
   }
 }
@@ -264,7 +274,7 @@ void policy_route_event(
   auto state = ctx->state;
   switch (event->type) {
   case ZDWM_EVENT_KEY_PRESS:
-    route_key_press(ctx, &event->as.key_press);
+    route_key_press(ctx, &event->as.key_press, out);
     break;
   case ZDWM_EVENT_POINTER_ENTER:
     route_pointer_enter(state, event->as.pointer_enter.window, out);
diff --git a/src/core/policy.h b/src/core/policy.h
index bd32948..c6262c3 100644
--- a/src/core/policy.h
+++ b/src/core/policy.h
@@ -17,8 +17,6 @@ typedef struct policy_context_t {
   const rules_t *rules;
   const border_config_t *border;
   const layout_registry_t *layouts;
-  const zdwm_action_api_t action_api;
-  zdwm_runtime_t *runtime;
 } policy_context_t;
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/core/runtime.c b/src/core/runtime.c
index f2f7aac..8810696 100644
--- a/src/core/runtime.c
+++ b/src/core/runtime.c
@@ -266,25 +266,6 @@ static policy_context_t policy_context_init(runtime_t *runtime) {
     .rules      = &(runtime)->rules,
     .border     = &(runtime)->border,
     .layouts    = &(runtime)->layouts,
-    .runtime    = (runtime),
-    .action_api = {
-      .spawn             = spawn,
-      .quit              = quit,
-      .raise_or_run      = raise_or_run,
-      .toggle_fullscreen = toggle_fullscreen,
-      .toggle_maximize   = toggle_maximize,
-      .toggle_floating   = toggle_floating,
-      .toggle_sticky     = toggle_sticky,
-
-      .switch_workspace                   = switch_workspace,
-      .switch_workspace_in_current_output = switch_workspace_in_current_output,
-      .switch_workspace_by_index_in_current_output =
-        switch_workspace_by_index_in_current_output,
-
-      .cycle_layout         = cycle_layout,
-      .cycle_current_output = cycle_current_output,
-      .focus_window         = focus_window,
-    },
   };
   return ctx;
 }
diff --git a/src/core/runtime.h b/src/core/runtime.h
index b923685..c4d09e8 100644
--- a/src/core/runtime.h
+++ b/src/core/runtime.h
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ typedef struct runtime_init_desc_t {
   listeners_t listeners;
 } runtime_init_desc_t;
 
-typedef struct zdwm_runtime_t {
+typedef struct runtime_t {
   bool running;
   bool will_restart;